I personally learned languages this way :
1. Python (to learn the first steps of algorithmic without bothering with language syntax)
2. Java (a more complex syntax but really easy to understand errors, and also to play with object-oriented paradigm)
3. C (playing with the root of all modern languages, pure procedural paradigm, a clean syntax, but no errors helping you so you have to know what you're doing)
I learned along with Python simple math things and logic circuits.
I also learned along Java the MIPS assembler language to understand a bit how CPUs think.
But I'm learning CS at university so I was basically doing this all the time. As you probably don't have as much time I suggest you to jump to Java directly then to C++ or some other languages of the same level.
Keep designing you programs and algorithms to solve problems on paper. Simple, 1000 years old, paper. It will forge your logic and this logic won't be language-related. Once you get it, the language doesn't matter.